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72 CHINESE MUSIC. The ti-t-z;;J, is indispensable to every Chinese orchestra; it is used in theatrical performances, in funeral and marriage pro essions, and on various other occasions, both j oyous and momnful. It is also one of the favourite instruments of courtesans. Formerly all kinds of flutes blown transversely were called 'Ea (ti ). There were the ch'iang-ti (~ *), the shepherd's flute; the fi 'iir (heng-ti ), the transverse flute ; the ~ 'iif (ch'ang-ti), and the m 1if (tuan-ti), the long and the short flute. Some had four holes, some five, and some seven. Nowadays the form and number of holes of the ti-tzu are in all cases much the same. The only difference between the popular instruments and the flutes used in ritual music is that the latter are embellished with a dragon's head and a dragon's tail, an addition not permitted in the case of ordinary instruments. Flutes thus. adorned are called ~ eG: (livng-ti), chagon flutes. Of these, six ~re used at the Confucian ceremonies; they are placed, together with the h.sicio, three on each side. No. 34.-The Kuan-tzu (~ .:'.f) is a small tube about 8 inches Iona- It has 1· 1 . . o · , seven 10 es above and two below. It is blown by means of a coarsely made reed inseited t th . . · a e upper d Its sound cannot be said to be pleasmg, at least to foreio-n ears It · d · 1 . en · h £ . o • 1s use most y m, funeral or marriage processions. It produces t e ollowmg scale :- ; __J J iJ # J ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I~ 1!i- Im ..t 1;J R J: }L .i.. 1i 1l {J:: .,, .... lv :::: v~ -+>- ~ u, ::; ::; ~ ,,... l..n 0\ § ,-..., c-t- p... O" c-t- c-t- l .., p_, p... t:,' P'" E!:. i:::= u, 'l> p_, .., c-t- ~ 0 0 Cl> e. rrj ~ 1-o 1-o :: ::,- . ........ 'l> :: ~ :: ;:s Cl> ~ 0 0 p., ........ ',:j (!) Cl> 0 !:! :: :: ~ - :: "O :: § Cl> p.., The intervals of this scale suffer from the same defects th . n.s ose of th t ·-t " Tl m (kou) is an ancient note no longer used. The R (or G) of thi , 1 e i zu. · 1e ..r-oJ • • s sea e corresponds as •] · as possible to the European A (902 v1brat1ons per second). · nea1 .y No. 35.-The So-nu (lilli P~)-known to foreigne1·s as the" Chin . . ese clarion t " · l shrieking, the most detesta~le instrument used ~n China; and yet none is in e . - 1 s t 1e most When heard jn the morrung its sounds unmistakably announce f more general use. . . a uneral coi'tege . · 1 afternoon, a nuptial proce.ss1on. , 111 t .10