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52 CHINESE MUSIC. an octave higher, and the notes, instead of following each other in two series of yin and yang nds were placed in a chromatic succession. sou ' No. 4 .-The Yu-ti (:E 10 and the Yu-hsiao (:Ii ~) are two flutes, exactly the same as the ordinary flute; the only difference being that the material employed is marble instead of bamboo. The Chinese think that stone is less susceptible to changes of temperature, and therefore is best adapted to preserve the real sound of the lii,s. For description, see " 4°. Bamboo," below. No. s.-The Hai-lo (ifij !l!J), or "conch," although not properly a stone instrument, is classified here for convenience. It is a large sea-shell of conical form, with a hole in the apex through which to blow. It is used only by sol~~rs, watchmen, etc., and principally for the same purposes as those for which we use the bugle m Emope. 2 °. METAL. Metal is one of the five elements. It comes from earth, say the Chinese, and still it is a substance of quite ~ different_ nature.1 . It was n0?essary, therefore, to give it a place in music, and this was done m the earliest ages, for we, see m the "Miscellaneous Treatise of Prince Lu,, (B.C. 300) that "the Emperor HUANG T1 (B.U. 2 697) ordered Lrn a LuN to cast 12 bells to ao-ree with the l 2 lus and the five sounds.:' 2 Bells are also frequently mentioned in the classics. o Bell-metal is composed of six parts of copper and one of tin Wh 1 · h ll . . . en me tmg, t e a oy appears first to be of an impure dark colour, which, however soon chan . t ll . h . , ges lll O a ye OWlS white. this colour gradually passes to a greemsh white and when thi·s 1 t 1 h · , . , as co our as become rrreen the metal may be poured mto the mould. The mould its lf b 0 ' · • • "if h b . e must e made exactly according to the proper dimens10ns, for t e ell 1s wide and h t th . • · · 1 · · 1 · ...:11 • s or , e sound will not reach a rrreat distance; 1f the meta 1s too thic r, it ,Vl.u emit _no sound. if th h . 0 will b 1 d" 3 ' e mout 1s too laro-e the sound e too ou . o , Bells of all sizes, from those weighing more than so ton d h d £ s own to t e small ones which swing on the eaves of pago as, used to be ound all over eh· S ma. ome are ornam t d ·th characters (mostly sentences in honour of Buddha), some with d . en e wi · esigns a,nd symbols • round some are square ; and all are used mainly for relio-ioti , some are ' . o· s purposes At th d f' h Buddhist temple a bell is to be seen, which the believers strik " · e oor o eac • ds " e to call the attention of the sleepmg go • ·· No. 6.-The Yung-c'.iung (~~),or " large bell," ought to be . . . a mouth of 2.8125 feet diameter, gradually decreasing towards th: 5 feet m height ~nd have that it was ma.de to correspond with a very big drum; the apex. The Chmese say the other, for the drum had to give the signal to begin an~n:b~vas not to be used without end of the hymn at the ceremonies. Though now no lon . . bell had to announce the till t o be seen. At the temple of CoNFUCIUs, in the ·s ger lil use, both instruments are s ame court · 1 . are two srnall pagodas, one to the east, the other to the west of in w ich stands the hall, th e hall and in front of it.