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Structural variation among close relatives trum (privets) also belong in this subfamily and are closely related, despite their dissimilar fruits. The small genus Nyctanthes (best known from N. ar– bor-tristis, a tree sacred to the Hindus), native to India, together with the related monotypic (having a single spe– cies) Dimetra of Thailand, has been variously classified in the family Oleaceae or in the family Verbenaceae (order Lamiales) . Traditionally it belongs to the former and is possibly, if distantly, related to Jasminum or Schrebera; various anatomical and morphological char– acteristics suggest, however, that they should be treated as a subfamily within the family Verbenaceae. Classification. Distinguishing taxonomic features. The family Oleaceae is most easily recognized by a combina– tion of characters: it has a woody habit with opposite leaves; flowers consisting of four sepals and petals (usu– ally united), two stamens, and a .united ovary of two chambers. There are exceptions, however, to most of these individual features. · The characters used to classify the genera within the family are the presence or absence of the petals and whether they are united to form a tube, however short, or free, and whether the petals overlap in the bud (imbri– cate) or are arranged with their edges touching (val– vate). The type of fruit has also been important, whether it is a fleshy olive-like drupe (a stony-seeded fruit), a capsule that splits open to release dry seeds, or a winged samara (or key) as in the ashes. The fruit type, however, is no sure guide to relationships, nor is the absence of petals; Nestegis, for example, generally has no petals but is related to the petaloid genera Olea, Osmanthus, and Notelaea. The wild olive of Hawaii (Nestegis .sandwicen– sis), however, has petals in its flowers. Similarly, although most species of Fraxinus have no petals, those related to F. ornus have well-developed ones. Most ashes, such as the common European ash, F. excelsior, have flowers reduced to complete simplicity, for there are no sepals either, and because the sexes are often separated in differ– ent inflorescences or on different individual trees, the flow– ers consist only of a single, naked ovary or a pair of sta– mens. Many of these, however, are crowded together in branching inflorescences. There seems no doubt that this simplicity results from reduction and does not reflect primitiveness. Annotated classification. ORDER OLEALES Woody plants, trees, shrubs, or climbers. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate, simple or pinnately compound, and lacking stipules (small, leaflike appendages at the base of the leaf– stalk). Inflorescence basically cymose (determinate; i.e., the flowers mature in sequence from the tip, or central flower, downward) but paniculate, decussate, fasciculate (various modes of branching), or single-flowered. Flowers regular (radially symmetrical); bisexual, or rarely unisexual, some– times by abortion. Calyx (sepals) of 4 lobes (rarely more, or lacking). Corolla (petals) of 4 (rarely to 12) united lobes, rarely almost free or lacking, aestivation (condition of the petals in the bud) imbricate or valvate (rarely contorted). Disc absent. Stamens 2 (rarely 3, 4, or 6), borne on the corolla and alternate with the lobes; anthers usually with a slight extension to the connective, dehiscing (opening) longitudinally. Ovary superior, of 2 fused carpels, each locule with two (rarely 1 to 4) axile, pendulous or ascending, ovules, style 1 or lacking, usually with a 2-lobed stigma. Fruit usual– ly !-seeded, a drupe, berry, capsule, or samara, seed with cellular endosperm (nutrient tissue for the developing em– bryo) or none. About 28 genera and between 500 and 600 species in temperate and tropical regions throughout the world, but especially the Old World, eastern Asia, and the tropics. Family Oleaceae The only family in the order, it has the characters of the order. It is divided into 2 subfamilies, Jasminoideae and Oleoideae. Critical appraisal. The Oleaceae comprise a natural family, despite the number of individual exceptions to characteristic features, such as the lack of petals in some members and the occasional occurrence of alternately arranged leaves. Moreover, its classification in an isolated position is probably correct, for relationships with other families and orders are not clear. New information from Olivares, Conde-Duque de 559 the traditional study of morphology or anatomy that might help to elucidate these relationships is unlikely, but the rapidly developing fields of palynology (the study of pollen grains) and chemotaxonomy (the study of bio- chemicai characters in relation to taxonomy) may well provide valuable new evidence. Within the family the relationships of certain genera are uncertain. The subfamily Jasminoideae, as at present constituted, appears to be a rather heterogeneous assem- blage containing the genera Jasminum, Forsythia, Fonta– nesia, Schrebera, and Myxopyrum. It is doubtful whether these genera are really more closely related to one anoth– er than to others now placed in the second subfamily, the Oleoideae. Here, however, the correct delineation of the genera themselves is often the problem. Should Olea be split into two or three separate genera (e.g., into Stegan- thus and Tetrapilus) as has been proposed, and within the genus Osmanthus, should the sections Leiolea and Siphosmanthus be raised to generic rank? As with prob- lems at interordinal and interfamilial levels, new and significant morphological data are unlikely to be forth- coming. Chromosomal information seems of no assis- tance in this subfamily, but modern developments in biochemistry may eventually be of value. Perhaps the outstanding problem at the species level concerns the relationships and origin of the cultivated olive. Olea europaea is not known in the wild, and, al– though closely related plants exist in many tropical and warm temperate parts of the Old World, it is uncertain whether the domesticated olive was developed from them and, if so, how it was done. Chemotaxonomic studies together with breeding artd cultural experiments-grow– ing species and plants from different provenances side by side and crossing them-might provide decisive informa– tion, but because the olive is a relatively slow growing tree such investigation could be undertaken only on a long-term basis. BIBLIOGRAPHY. A. CRONQUIST, The Evolution and Classifi– cation of Flowering Plants (1968), a recent classification with discussion; P.s. GREEN, "The Olive Family in Cultivation," Arnoldia, 25:13-27 (1965), a review of cultivated members of the olive family; L.A.s. JOHNSON, "A Review of the Family Oleaceae," Contr. N.S.W. Natn. Herb., 2:395-418 (1957), a review of classification within the family; A. LINGELSHEIM, "Oleaceae-Fraxineae et Syringeae," in A. ENGLER (ed.), Das Pf[anzenreich IV (1920), a monograph of a few genera; s.o. MCKELVEY, The Lilac: a Monograph (1928), standard mono– graph on Syringa; H. TAYLOR, "Cyto-Taxonomy and Phy– logeny of the Oleaceae," Brittonia, 5:337-367 (1945), a re– view of intrafamilial classification; ICA. WILSON and c.E. wooo, "The Genera of Oleaceae in the Southeastern United States," J. Arnold Arbor., 40:369-384 (1959), a discussion, with bibliography, of eastern North American genera. (P.S.G.) Olivares, Conde-Duque de Prime minister and court favourite of King Philip IV, the Conde-Duque de Olivares governed Spain for over 20 years during a period that saw the climax of an epoch of literary and artistic splendour as well as the most chronic political decadence. Olivares was born Don Gaspar de Guzman y Pimental, in Rome on January 16, 1587. His father, Don Enrique de Guzman, was the Spanish ambassador to that city. His mother, Dofia Maria Pimental Fonseca, was a member of the Castilian nobility. As second-born son of an aristocratic family, Don Gas– par studied for the priesthood, obtaining a degree from the University of Salamanca in law, theology, and the arts ( 1601-04). With the death of his older brother, how– ever, he renounced his position as canon in Seville (to which he had been appointed by Pope Clement VIII) and joined his father in Valladolid, then the location of the Spanish royal court. In 1607, orphaned and heir not only to a noble title but also to one of the largest fortunes of the kingdom, Don Gaspar married his cousin and niece (they were related through both sides of the family), Dofia Ines de Zuniga y Velasco, lady-in-waiting to Queen Margaret. Their only child was a girl, Maria, who died shortly after her marriage. Don Gaspar also had an ille- Taxo- nomic problems