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REFOCUSING ON MGR ANASTASIUS HARTMANN 479 Sultanate of Bijapur and Fr Zeno directed his steps to Surat in Northwest India, the two others returned to France. Mgr Castro's performance as Apostolic Vicar was marked by wild ups and downs of fortune and on his visit to Rome in 1658, he was asked not to return to his Vicariate. In 1669 Mgr Custodius de Pinho (t 1697) 16 succeeded Mgr Castro and in 1696 the Vicariate was entrusted to the Carmelites and Fr Peter Paul of St Francis OCD (1643-1701) was designated as the Apostolic Vicar. The Vicariate's designation had by now become anachronistic as the Sultanate of Bijapur had been merged into the Empire of the Mogul in 1686, and characteristically, the Vicariate now came to be rechristened as the Apostolic Vicariate of Great Mogul. Even after the Carmelites had taken up residence in Bombay in the wake of the extrusion of the Padroado clergy from there on 28 March 1720 by the British, the jurisdiction continued to be known as the Vicariate of the Great Mogul. It was in 1833 that the appellation Vicariate of Bombay is seen in use for the first tim~ in the official documents. By then the original Apostolic Vicariate of the Great Mogul was far from its original shape, as it had already mothered quite a few other Vicariates down the decades. The Apostolic Vicariate of Bombay continued to be manned successively by Carmelite prelates, and it not only weathered the growing pains but also struck deep root, despite one too many conflicts of both ecclesiastical and political nature cropping up. However, the gradual spread of the tentacles of the British colonial rule in India was altering radically the socio-political scenario in the whole subcontinent, calling for bold and inventive steps from the part of the Church leadership, lest as a body the Catholics should be missing the boat altogether. The introduction of English education by the Anglicans in Bombay was the cue for the Catholic leadership to take the appropriate steps. The posting to Bombay of a Carmelite prelate of Irish origin was part of the new modus operandi of the Catholic Church. The Italian Apostolic Vicar Aloysius Maria of St Theresa Fortini (1795-1848) 17 was assigned an auxiliary in the person of an Irish confrere of his, John Francis Whelan of St Theresa (1798-1876) 18 , in order to meet the exigencies created by the solidification of the British governance of India.1 9 Mgr Whelan 16 Apostolic vicar of Bijapur 17 Aloysius Maria Fortini, Italian Carmelite; 1837: coadjutor bishop in Bombay; 1840: apostolic vicar of Bombay; 18 John Francis Whelan, Irish Carmelite; 1843: coadjutor in Bombay; 1848: apostolic vicar of Bombay; 1850: tenders resignation. · 19 J.H. Gense, The Church at the Gatewqy of India. 1720-1960, Bombay 1960, 91: "Moreover, certain English-speaking members of the Catholic community in Bombay,